[Pharmwaste] The plastic killing fields

[DeBiasi,Deborah]

http://www.smh.com.au/news/environment/the-plastic-killing-fields/2007/1
2/28/1198778702627.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap3

 

The plastic killing fields

December 29, 2007 

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Continents of garbage in the oceans are killing marine life and
releasing poisons that enter the human food chain, Amanda Woods
reports.

In one of the few places on Earth where people can rarely be found, the
human race has well and truly made its mark. In the middle of the
Pacific Ocean lies a floating garbage patch twice the size of Britain. A
place where the water is filled with six times as much plastic as
plankton. This plastic-plankton soup is entering the food chain and
heading for your dinner table.

For hundreds of years, sailors and fisherman have known to avoid the
area between the Equator and 50 degrees north latitude about halfway
between California and Hawaii. As one of the ocean's deserts, the North
Pacific Subtropical Gyre lacks the wind that sailors need to survive, as
well as the nutrients to support large fish or the men who hunt them.

But 10 years ago, Captain Charles Moore took a short cut through the
airless doldrums in his catamaran, Alguita, and caught sight of
something that changed his life. As he looked out at what should have
been a clear blue ocean, Moore saw a sea of plastic. As far as he could
see, day after day, were bottles, wrappers and fragments of plastic in
every colour.

Historically, the ocean's circular currents have led to accumulation of
flotsam and jetsam in the subtropical high, where the waste has
biodegraded with the help of marine micro-organisms. But since humans
developed a material designed for durability, which can survive exposure
to any bacteria, the gyre has been filling with a substance it can't get
rid of. Rather than biodegrading, plastic photodegrades, breaking down
in the sunlight into smaller and smaller pieces. But no matter how small
it gets, it's still plastic, and causes havoc when it enters the
stomachs of marine life.

Ian Kiernan, the Australian who founded Clean Up the World, started his
environmental campaign 20 years ago after he became appalled by the
amount of rubbish he saw on an around-the-world solo yacht race. He'll
never forget the first time he saw the gyre.

"It was just filled with things like furniture, fridges, plastic
containers, cigarette lighters, plastic bottles, light globes,
televisions and fishing nets," Kiernan says.

"It's all so durable it floats. It's just a major problem."

He picks up an ashtray filled with worn-down coloured pieces of plastic.
"This is the contents of a fleshy-footed shearwater's stomach," he says.
"They go to the ocean to fish but there ain't no fish - there's plastic.
They then regurgitate it down the necks of their fledglings and it kills
them. After the birds decompose, the plastic gets washed back into the
ocean where it can kill again. It's a form of ghost fishing, where it
goes on and on."

With gyres in each of the oceans, connected by debris highways, the
problem isn't restricted to the North Pacific Gyre. It is estimated
there are more than 13,000 pieces of plastic litter on every square
kilometre of the ocean surface.

The United Nations Environment Program says plastic is accountable for
the deaths of more than a million seabirds and more than 100,000 marine
mammals such as whales, dolphins and seals every year. A Dutch study in
the North Sea of fulmar seabirds concluded 95 per cent of the birds had
plastic in their stomachs. More than 1600 pieces were found in the
stomach of one bird in Belgium.

Since his first encounter with the gyre in 1997, Moore has returned
several times and created the Algalita Marine Research Foundation to
study the problem. The Canadian filmmaker Ian Connacher joined Moore in
2005 and again last year to film the garbage patch for his documentary,
I Am Plastic. After a week of sailing from Long Beach, California,
Connacher was not prepared for what he saw.

"Charlie once found a mile-long trail of Taco Bell wrappers which had
plastic in them. I didn't see anything like that, but that's not the
point, because it's the little bits that are really making it a plastic
soup," Connacher says.

"The most menacing part is those little bits of plastic start looking
like food for certain animals, or the filter feeders don't have any
choice, they just pick them up." Then there's the plastic that doesn't
float. Greenpeace reports that about 70 per cent of the plastic that
makes it to the ocean sinks to the bottom, where it can smother marine
life. Greenpeace says Dutch scientists have found 600,000 tonnes of
discarded plastic on the bottom of the North Sea alone.

A study by the Japanese geochemist Hideshige Takada and his colleagues
at Tokyo University in 2001 found that plastic polymers act like a
sponge for resilient poisons such as DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls.
Takada's team found non-water-soluble toxic chemicals can be found in
plastic in levels as high as a million times their concentration in
water.

As small pieces of plastic are mistaken for fish eggs and other food by
marine life, these toxins enter the food chain. Even without this extra
toxic load, eating plastic can be hazardous to the health.

In 2002 a study of hermaphrodite fish led Canadian scientists to link
oestrogen in water to abnormal sex organs in fish. Several plastic
additives have been found to mimic oestrogen. Some experts, such as
Frederick vom Saal, a professor of biological sciences at Missouri
University, say declining fertility rates in humans could be linked to
exposure to synthetic oestrogen in plastics.

Some of the ocean's plastic arrives over the side of a ship as litter,
and some is the result of containers falling into the ocean. But
Greenpeace says about 80 per cent of plastic found at sea is washed out
from the land.

The journal Science last year predicted seafood stocks would collapse by
2048 if overfishing and pollution continued.

Greenpeace says embracing the three Rs - reduce, re-use and recycle -
would help tackle the problem. Plastic recycling is lagging well behind
paper and cardboard, as people are confused about what recycling is
available in their areas. There are other challenges for plastic
recycling, such as the fact that it can release toxic chemicals into the
atmosphere, and that it is more expensive to recycle some plastic than
to create a new product from petrochemicals.

The use of bioplastics could help reduce the amount with which we are
coating the planet. Traditional petrochemical-based plastics are
non-degradable and non-renewable; degradable plastic breaks into smaller
pieces in UV light but remains plastic; and there are two kinds of
biodegradable plastic that break down in compost - one from a
petrochemical resource, the other from a renewable resource such as corn
or wheat, which is known as bioplastic.

Dr Katherine Dean, of the CSIRO, says corporate firms have become
interested in bioplastic over the past three years.

"When oil prices soared in 2005, that changed a lot of people's
perspective, because bioplastic became quite cost-competitive," she
says. "All of a sudden it wasn't just about doing the right thing."

In 2001 CSIRO researchers were involved in the development of a
corn-based bioplastic that would provide the foundation for the company
Plantic Technologies, which developed biodegradable plastic for
everything from food and beverage packaging to medical, agricultural and
sporting applications.

The chief executive of Plantic, Grant Dow, says once composted, the
plastic would become nothing more than carbon dioxide and water.

"For all intents and purposes, it looks like plastic and feels like
plastic and does the same thing as plastic in the application," he says.

"It will only biodegrade in the presence of heat, moisture and bacteria,
so it will sit in your cupboard pretty much indefinitely, but when the
bacteria get to it in compost, that's it. It's gone."

While researchers continue to develop bioplastics, there's no doubt the
new generation of polymers can make a difference in day-to-day living.
Already supermarkets in Britain, such as Marks & Spencer, Sainsbury's
and Tesco, have introduced bioplastic packaging, and food companies are
embracing the concept.

Connacher believes as consumers learn more about the situation, many
will respond positively. "We think products are going to be recycled,
but they're not. We have become irresponsible with the way we use a lot
of things, particularly disposable products."


This story was found at:
http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2007/12/28/1198778702627.html 

 

Deborah L. DeBiasi
Email:   dldebiasi at deq.virginia.gov
WEB site address:  www.deq.virginia.gov
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Water Permit Programs
Industrial Pretreatment/Toxics Management Program
PPCPs, EDCs, and Microconstituents
Mail:          P.O. Box 1105, Richmond, VA  23218 (NEW!)
Location:  629 E. Main Street, Richmond, VA  23219
PH:         804-698-4028
FAX:      804-698-4032