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<DIV>Dear colleagues, </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>A partial answer to the question posed by Bill Brewer.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>3 years ago I realized an evaluation (simple box model) of pharmaceutical
waste generation through the unmetabolized fraction excreted by patients from a
middle-size generalist hospital located in France. I found the following figures
:</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>- wastewater 750-1000 liters per day and per occupied bed,</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>- total pharmaceuticals ~ 2 to 2.5 kg per year and per occupied bed,
among them 85% from top 20 molecules. For example :</DIV>
<DIV>* 400 g per year and per occupied bed for total antibiotics (among
them ~ 100 g of amoxicillin and ~ 5 g of ciprofloxacin)</DIV>
<DIV>* 600 g per year and per occupied bed for acetaminophen</DIV>
<DIV>* 600 g per year and per occupied bed for lactulose !</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>- 3.5 g per year and per occupied bed for total antineoplastic drugs
(higher loads for 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamid, ifosfamid, platinum salts and
methotrexate)</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>I already remark that these raw evaluations were not so far (less than 1
order of magnitude) from other modelisations or analytical determinations made
in european hospital wastewater.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>I remain at your disposal for any question about this subject (my current
doctorat) and I hope you receive rainfalls at Durham (and elsewhere needed)
!</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Best regards,</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Jean Ulrich MULLOT</DIV>
<DIV>Laboratoire Santé Publique Environnement</DIV>
<DIV>Faculté de Pharmacie de Chatenay Malabry</DIV>
<DIV>Université Paris Sud 11</DIV></DIV></DIV></FONT> </BODY></HTML>