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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Several months
ago a list serve member mentioned that 99.9% of active pharmaceutical
ingredient surface water releases were from patient excretion. I stumbled
across this reference to that number the other day:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>page 69 of <a href="http://nepis.epa.gov/EPA/html/DLwait.htm?url=/Adobe/PDF/P1001AWF.PDF">http://nepis.epa.gov/EPA/html/DLwait.htm?url=/Adobe/PDF/P1001AWF.PDF</a>
(or section 6.3)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>EPA performed a literature
search for studies or reports on pharmaceuticals disposed of in landfills. EPA
found that in 2007, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
(PhRMA) evaluated the potential for 24 active pharmaceutical ingredients to
leach from MSW landfills and their potential releases to surface water
(Tischler, 2007). PhRMA compared the modeled landfill leachate releases to
estimates of surface water releases from disposal of unused pharmaceuticals
down the drain. PhRMA selected the 24 example pharmaceutical ingredients to
represent a range of sales per year in the U.S. (i.e., high quantities and low
quantities) and a range of physical-chemical properties. These pharmaceutical
ingredients were also evaluated in the 2002 USGS study of pharmaceuticals in
surface waters (Kolpin et al., 2002).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>The PhRMA study calculated that
the landfill disposal pathway to surface water accounted for an average of
0.03% to 0.10% of the estimated aggregate annual surface water releases for the
24 active pharmaceutical ingredients. Therefore, the study estimated that over <span style='background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow'>99.9% of active pharmaceutical
ingredient surface water releases would be due to patient excretion</span>, not
landfill disposal of unused medicines, assuming that landfill disposal were
used for all unused medicine disposal. The evaluation was based on the
assumption that the efficiency of the pharmaceuticals partitioning to solids in
the landfill is 50% of the efficiency of partitioning in a biological
wastewater treatment unit (Tischler, 2007).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>Laurie Tenace<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>Environmental Specialist<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>Waste Reduction Section<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>Florida Department of
Environmental Protection<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>2600 Blair Stone Rd., MS 4555<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>Tallahassee FL 32399-2400<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>P: 850.245.8759<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>F: 850.245.8811<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>Laurie.Tenace@dep.state.fl.us
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>Mercury:
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/mercury/default.htm<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>Batteries:
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/batteries/default.htm<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>Pharmaceuticals: <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/medications/default.htm<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>To join the Pharmwaste
listserve: http://lists.dep.state.fl.us/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/pharmwaste<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>Household Hazardous Waste:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'>http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/hazardous/pages/household.htm<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:.5in'><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
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<DIV STYLE="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Courier New"><EM><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE="2">The Department of Environmental Protection values your feedback as a customer. DEP Secretary Michael W. Sole is committed to continuously assessing and improving the level and quality of services provided to you. Please take a few minutes to comment on the quality of service you received. Simply click on <A HREF="http://survey.dep.state.fl.us/?refemail=Laurie.Tenace@dep.state.fl.us" TARGET="_blank">this link to the DEP Customer Survey</A>. Thank you in advance for completing the survey.</FONT></EM></DIV>
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