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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="#000099" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><a href="http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/in-plastics-and-cans-a-threat-to-women/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0">http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/in-plastics-and-cans-a-threat-to-women/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0</a></span><o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext"><a href="http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/category/poison-pen/?module=BlogCategory&version=Blog%20Post&action=Click&contentCollection=Health&pgtype=Blogs&region=Header"><font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">Poison
Pen</span></font></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">NYT NOW
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><font size="6" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:24.0pt;color:windowtext;font-weight:bold">In Plastics and Cans, a Threat to Women<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext;font-style:italic">By
<a href="http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/author/deborah-blum/" title="More Posts by DEBORAH BLUM">
<font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">DEBORAH BLUM</span></font></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">August 28, 2014 12:33 pmAugust 29, 2014 2:15 pm<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext"><img border="0" width="379" height="269" id="_x0031_00000003082217" src="cid:image001.jpg@01CFC39B.2F766830" alt="Cans containing the widely used industrial compound bisphenol A, or BPA."></span></font><font color="black"><span lang="EN" style="color:windowtext"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">Cans containing the widely used industrial compound bisphenol A, or BPA.Credit Philippe Desmazes/Agence France-Presse — Getty
Images<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">Deborah Blum writes about chemicals and the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">A few years ago, Jodi Flaws, a bioscientist at the University of Illinois,
began testing a theory about the risks to women posed by the widely used industrial compound bisphenol A, or BPA.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">A series of studies had suggested that it could damage developing ovaries.
But nobody knew how. So for a month, Dr. Flaws dosed young female mice with a BPA solution at a level comparable to estimated human exposure in the United States. She then examined their ovaries, focusing on the follicles, which contain the eggs.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">The effect of the BPA was immediately obvious.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">Compared with normal mice, the follicles of the treated mice were fewer
and smaller. Further analysis showed that estradiol, the sex hormone essential for normal reproductive development,
<a href="http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/119/1/209.full"><font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">was not being produced at normal levels</span></font></a>. BPA, it seemed, interferes with enzymes essential in the production of such hormones. Another
study published by her laboratory this spring found that treated mice <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X14000465">
<font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">stopped producing viable eggs</span></font></a> at an abnormally young age.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">Scientists have discovered similar effects across an increasingly broad
range of mammals, from <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X14002130">
<font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">sheep</span></font></a> to <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/09/18/1207854109.abstract">
<font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">monkeys</span></font></a> to, alas, humans. The accumulating research fuels rising concern among scientists that childhood exposure to BPA may well contribute to female infertility, and that adult exposure may result
in a shorter reproductive life span.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">“I think most scientists working today agree that BPA is an ovarian
toxicant,” Dr. Flaws said. A <a href="http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307728/"><font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">review of research into BPA</span></font></a>, published this summer in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, noted that ovarian toxicity
is among the most consistent and strongest effects found “in both animal models and in women.”
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">Discovered in the late 19th century, BPA
<a href="http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/sya-bpa/"><font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">came into wide commercial use in the mid-20th century</span></font></a>. It is an ingredient in products like polycarbonate plastics,
<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2014/08/26/would-you-like-your-receipt-maybe-not-if-its-still-coated-with-bpa/">
<font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">thermal coatings on cash register receipts</span></font></a> and protective linings in cans and pipes.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">Concerns about its health risks didn’t really arise until the late
1990s, when researchers first reported that it appeared to disrupt normal hormone function. Consumer worry led the Food and Drug Administration to ban it in baby products, such as bottles, and manufacturers voluntarily scaled back its use in other goods. But
because good substitutes are hard to find, BPA is still used in many materials, and studies have found that a majority of Americans
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23612528"><font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">still test positive for exposure</span></font></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">What that means for our health has turned out to be a complicated subject;
manufacturers have pointed out that more than decade of research <a href="http://www.bisphenol-a.org/about/faq.html">
<font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">has produced often inconsistent results</span></font></a>. Still many experts worry that the evidence that this chemical damages young ovaries is consistent — and growing.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">“There are so many studies of BPA that it’s often difficult to weed
out the real effects,” said Tracey Woodruff, the director of the program on reproductive health and the environment at the University of California, San Francisco. “But on this question of ovarian toxicity, all the studies are starting to line up.”
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">Genetics, lifestyle, and other chemical exposures also play a role
in infertility, and scientists are still struggling to figure out where BPA ranks among the risks. “We’re incredibly difficult creatures to study, especially because we’re looking at effects that may take a generation to show up,” said Patricia Hunt, a genetics
professor at Washington State University. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">She and her colleagues decided to study the compound’s effects in another
primate species, the rhesus monkey. They exposed monkeys in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy to levels of BPA comparable to those that humans received. The investigators were looking for the effects on developing ovaries, similar to the changes
in rodents. And they found them. The exposure in both trimesters <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/43/17525.full.pdf+html?sid=bb3ba61f-4ed3-4358-8522-5534d7dbab60">
<font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">altered follicles and oocytes</span></font></a> (the germ cells that develop into eggs). Similar effects might easily occur in developing human females as well, Dr. Hunt concluded.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">Researchers at Harvard University have been trying to assess how BPA
affects humans through studies of women enrolled at in-vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics. In a recent study, 80 percent of the women
<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623813003547"><font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">tested positive for BPA in urine</span></font></a>. Higher BPA levels were linked to a reduced number of follicles — and therefore fewer
fertile eggs. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">Noting that BPA also turned up in follicular fluid, the investigators
also looked at 357 discarded oocytes from more than 120 women visiting the clinics. Higher levels of BPA
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23904465"><font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">were linked to stunted human oocytes</span></font></a>, as well as indications of chromosomal damage – a finding also found in animals studied by Dr. Hunt. “Together
with prior animal studies, the data support the negative influences of BPA on oocyte maturation,” the Harvard team concluded.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">Despite the growing body of research, a more complete assessment of
BPA’s effects on human reproduction remains a tricky prospect. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">“As a species, we tend to have a lot more chromosomal abnormalities
anyway than animals like mice,” Dr. Hunt said. “And then people are waiting longer to have children, and that’s also a complicating factor.”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">Dr. Woodruff said that a detailed systematic review of BPA was in the
works, part of a <a href="http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/"><font color="blue"><span style="color:blue">National Toxicology Program</span></font></a> reassessment of chemical risks. It should provide a better sense of how to navigate through recent findings. Her
best advice for now? Avoid the compound when possible and, other than that, “don’t drive yourself crazy.”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="3" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:windowtext">“We’re still figuring this out, and the burden is on us — researchers,
health care providers, manufactures — to do that well,” she said.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="#000099" face="Times New Roman"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="#000099" face="Times New Roman"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">Deborah L. DeBiasi</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><b><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy;font-weight:bold">Email: Deborah.DeBiasi@deq.virginia.gov</span></font></b><b><i><font size="2" color="red"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:red;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic"><br>
</span></font></i></b><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">WEB site address:
<a href="http://www.deq.virginia.gov/">www.deq.virginia.gov</a></span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">Virginia Department of Environmental Quality</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">Office of Water Permits
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">Industrial Pretreatment/Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Program</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">PPCPs, EDCs, and Microconstituents<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><a href="http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/Water/PermittingCompliance/PollutionDischargeElimination/Microconstituents.aspx">http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/Water/PermittingCompliance/PollutionDischargeElimination/Microconstituents.aspx</a></span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">Mail: P.O. Box 1105, Richmond, VA 23218</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">Location: 629 E. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23219</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">PH: 804-698-4028 FAX: 804-698-4032<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="#000099" face="Times New Roman"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
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