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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="#000099" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><a href="http://civileats.com/2015/03/24/study-links-widely-used-pesticides-to-antibiotic-resistance/">http://civileats.com/2015/03/24/study-links-widely-used-pesticides-to-antibiotic-resistance/</a></span><o:p></o:p></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="#000099" face="Times New Roman"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:17.1pt;background:white"><font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737"><img border="0" width="262" height="165" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.jpg@01D06625.3F8D91D0" alt="Antibiotic resistant bacteria, courtesy of the National Institute of Health"></span></font><font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-line-height-alt:13.8pt;background:white">
<font size="6" color="#dd6a23" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:20.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#DD6A23">Study Links Widely Used Pesticides to Antibiotic Resistance<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13.2pt;background:white"><i><font size="2" color="#676767" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#676767;letter-spacing:.35pt;font-style:italic">Glyphosate, 2,4-D, and
dicamba found to affect bacteria in ways that could promote resistance to common antibiotics.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:10.8pt;background:white"><font size="1" color="#666666" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666">By
<a href="http://civileats.com/author/egrossman/" title="Posts by Elizabeth Grossman">
<b><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none">Elizabeth Grossman</span></font></b></a> on
<a href="http://civileats.com/2015/03/24/study-links-widely-used-pesticides-to-antibiotic-resistance/">
<b><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none">March 24, 2015</span></font></b></a></span></font><font size="1" color="#666666"><span style="font-size:7.0pt;color:#666666"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:10.8pt;background:white"><font size="1" color="#666666" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666">Subscribe</span></font><font color="black"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:10.8pt;background:white"><font size="1" color="black" face="Verdana"><span style="font-size:6.5pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black">9 84Tumblr0Google +0 0</span></font><font size="1" color="#666666" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#666666"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">This has not been a good week for
<a href="http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/registration_review/glyphosate/"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">glyphosate</span></font></a>, the active ingredient in
<a href="http://www.roundup.com/smg/gosite/RUP/home"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">Roundup</span></font></a> and other herbicides. On Friday, the World Health Organization (WHO)
<a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2815%2970134-8/abstract">
<font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">announced</span></font></a> that it had classified glyphosate, the United States’
<a href="http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib-economic-information-bulletin/eib124.aspx">
<font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">most widely-used</span></font></a> pesticide, as “<a href="http://www.iarc.fr"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">probably carcinogenic to humans</span></font></a>.”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">Now, the chemical has another strike against it. A
<a href="http://mbio.asm.org/content/6/2/e00009-15"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">study</span></font></a> published today by the
</span></font><i><font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737;font-style:italic">American Society of Microbiology</span></font></i><font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">’s
journal </span></font><i><font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737;font-style:italic">mBio
</span></font></i><font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">has linked glyphosate and two other widely-used herbicides–<a href="http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/2,4-DTech.pdf"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">2,4-D</span></font></a>
and <a href="http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/dicamba_tech.html"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">dicamba</span></font></a>–to one of the
<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/03/18/1503141112.abstract"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">most pressing public health crises</span></font></a> of our time:
<a href="http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/46/2/155.long"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">antibiotic resistance</span></font></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">This study found that exposure to these herbicides in their commercial forms changed the way bacteria responded to a number of
antibiotics, including <a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a685002.html">
<font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">ampicillin</span></font></a>,
<a href="http://www.medicinenet.com/ciprofloxacin/article.htm"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">ciprofloxacin</span></font></a>, and
<a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682098.html"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">tetracycline</span></font></a>–drugs widely used to treat a range of deadly diseases.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">Dicamba, 2,4-D, and glyphosate have been in use for decades, so why have their antibacterial-resistance effects not been documented
before? As the study’s lead author, <a href="http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/spark/Researcher.aspx?researcherid=86245">
<font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">Jack Heinemann</span></font></a>, professor of genetics at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, explains, when pesticides are tested for adverse effects, “it’s the lethal toxicity
that people focus on.” In other words, how much of the chemical will kill an organism.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">“What makes our study different, is that it is looking at a sub-lethal effect,” says Heinemann. “The effect we see requires that
the bacteria stay alive.”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">Previous studies done by other researchers have found that substances chemically similar to dicamba and 2,4-D can cause antibiotic
resistance, Heinemann explains. So he and his colleagues decided to investigate whether these herbicides would produce similar effects. They added glyphosate to the study because it is chemically unlike the other two. But, to their surprise, it also produced
some antibiotic resistance.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">Heinemann explains that because these herbicides are not “supertoxic” to the bacteria the study tested–<a href="http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/"><i><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;font-style:italic;text-decoration:none">E.
coli</span></font></i></a> and <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/"><i><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;font-style:italic;text-decoration:none">Salmonella</span></font></i></a>–they are not killed outright at levels typically used to kill
weeds. Instead, the bacteria stay alive while activating proteins known as <a href="http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/51/1/9.full">
<font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">efflux pumps</span></font></a> in order to rid themselves of toxins. And this defense mechanism can make the bacteria develop resistance to the threat from which it is defending itself.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">Scientists know that
<a href="http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/about_issue/antibiotic_res.shtml"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">overuse of antibiotics in humans can decrease their effectiveness</span></font></a>. In the same way, says Heinemann,
“exposure to these pesticides make the pathogens stronger.”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">Although this study only looked at two laboratory strains of human pathogens, the antibiotics examined represent what he calls
“broad classes” of drugs we’ve come to depend on to fight infections and the herbicides are three of the
<a href="http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib-economic-information-bulletin/eib124.aspx">
<font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">most-used worldwide</span></font></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">Heinemann also notes that the different pesticides produced a variety of responses. While all three produced an antibacterial-resistant
response to some of the antibiotics, some of the combinations his team tested produced no response and some
</span></font><i><font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737;font-style:italic">increased</span></font></i><font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">
the antibiotic’s effect.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">Although the study is likely to be seen as controversial by some, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth assistant professor of
biology, Dr. Mark Silby says it “followed established protocols” and the existing scientific literature supports its findings.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">“This is a very carefully-designed study,” says Dr. Michael Hansen, a senior staff scientist at Consumers Union. “It’s incredibly
important work showing the complexity of an effect that hadn’t been thought about before.” The mechanisms by which the bacteria respond to toxics–in this case herbicides–are already well-known, Hansen explains. What’s new and important is looking at non-lethal
levels of exposure in combination with the antibiotics.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">The weed-killers used in the study were
<a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/pdfs/weedkiller-for-home-gardeners"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">purchased at a local store</span></font></a> and were used at levels specified in use directions, which means the
scientists were testing chemicals actually in use worldwide rather than a special laboratory sample of the active compound.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">How could any of this affect people?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">“These herbicides are now used at such a scale that we can almost use the term ubiquitous,” says Heinemann. For one, glyphosate
is used on about 94 percent of the soybeans and 89 percent of the corn <a href="http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption.aspx#.U_UGE0v1GcM">
<font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">grown in the U.S</span></font></a>, while 2,4-D is the
<a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/24d_feis.pdf"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">third-most widely used herbicide</span></font></a> in the U.S., while dicamba ranks
<a href="http://www.croplife.com/special-reports/state-of-the-industry/herbicide-systems-2-0-life-beyond-dicamba/">
<font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">fifth in use</span></font></a> worldwide.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">The levels at which the researchers saw effects were higher than the residues allowed on food, but below what is often used in
rural settings, says Heinemann.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">The results of Heinemann’s study suggest there is probably a small chance that exposure through food would produce these effects,
but they could be a concern in areas where the pesticides are being applied, says Hansen. Thus, the people most likely to be affected are farmers, farmworkers, and other people who live in agricultural communities.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">Also to consider is the approval earlier this year of
<a href="http://www2.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/registration-enlist-duo">
<font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">a new pesticide that combines glyphosate and 2,4-D
</span></font></a>and <a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/biotechnology/petitions_table_pending.shtml">
<font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">soybean and cotton seeds</span></font></a>
<a href="http://www.panna.org/usda-ignores-farmer-opposition-approves-monsantos-dicamba-resistant-seed">
<font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">genetically engineered to resist dicamba</span></font></a>, all of which are expected to increase use of these pesticides.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">Pesticide-induced antibiotic resistance could also affect honeybees since many commercial hives are now being
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2005/051219.htm"><font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">treated with antibiotics</span></font></a>. It’s possible, Heinemann says, that “comingling of antibiotics and herbicides could be
compromising the effectiveness of those antibiotics,” and thus honeybee health.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;line-height:17.1pt;background:white">
<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">Meanwhile,
<a href="http://news.monsanto.com/news/monsanto-disagrees-iarc-classification-glyphosate">
<font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">Monsanto</span></font></a> says it disagrees with WHO’s announcement on glyphosate. “All labeled uses of glyphosate are safe for human health and supported by one of the most extensive worldwide
human health databases ever compiled on an agricultural product,” the company says in a statement on its website.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">Neither Monsanto nor other pesticide manufacturers have had the opportunity to respond to the new
</span></font><i><font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737;font-style:italic">mBio</span></font></i><font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">
study. But the Council for Biotechnology Information <a href="https://gmoanswers.com/ask/regards-glyphosate-patent-antibiotic-has-there-been-any-research-test-and-see-if">
<font color="#00a5a5"><span style="color:#00A5A5;text-decoration:none">said on its website “GMO Answers” last month</span></font></a>, that glyphosate had once been considered for use as an antibiotic but that “levels needed to kill microbes are relatively
high, and resistance can develop readily.” In other words, the phenomenon Heinemann and colleagues observed is not entirely unexpected.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">“A jigsaw puzzle is a good metaphor,” for how these effects fit together, says the scientist.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<font size="2" color="#373737" face="Helvetica"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:#373737">The next steps in this research will be to test additional bacteria and pure samples of the pesticides. But for now, it’s clear
that “further work is needed,” says Hansen. “This is something we need to look at as we expand the use of these herbicides.”<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="#000099" face="Times New Roman"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">Deborah L. DeBiasi</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><b><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy;font-weight:bold">Email: Deborah.DeBiasi@deq.virginia.gov</span></font></b><b><i><font size="2" color="red"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:red;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic"><br>
</span></font></i></b><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">WEB site address:
<a href="http://www.deq.virginia.gov/">www.deq.virginia.gov</a></span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">Virginia Department of Environmental Quality</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">Office of Water Permits
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">Industrial Pretreatment/Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Program</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">PPCPs, EDCs, and Microconstituents<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><a href="http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/Water/PermittingCompliance/PollutionDischargeElimination/Microconstituents.aspx">http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/Water/PermittingCompliance/PollutionDischargeElimination/Microconstituents.aspx</a></span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">Mail: P.O. Box 1105, Richmond, VA 23218</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">Location: 629 E. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23219</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:navy"><br>
</span></font><font size="2" color="navy"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:navy">PH: 804-698-4028 FAX: 804-698-4032<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="3" color="#000099" face="Times New Roman"><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
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