<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii">
<meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)">
<style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-style-priority:99;
margin-top:6.0pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;}
span.EmailStyle17
{mso-style-type:personal-compose;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
color:windowtext;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</head>
<body lang="EN-US" link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://waste360.com/leachate/study-shows-treated-leachate-still-contains-contaminants?NL=WST-03&Issue=WST-03_20151124_WST-03_618&sfvc4enews=42&cl=article_3_b&utm_rid=CPEQW000001137168&utm_campaign=6187&utm_medium=email&elq2=8da6edfc52c74b4ea88938749b45ec90">http://waste360.com/leachate/study-shows-treated-leachate-still-contains-contaminants?NL=WST-03&Issue=WST-03_20151124_WST-03_618&sfvc4enews=42&cl=article_3_b&utm_rid=CPEQW000001137168&utm_campaign=6187&utm_medium=email&elq2=8da6edfc52c74b4ea88938749b45ec90</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style="background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">A recent study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) shows that treating liquid waste from landfills does not remove all contaminants.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">“Landfills are the final depository for much of the solid waste we generate across the U.S. While it is known that such landfill waste can contain
a wide variety of contaminants, little research to date has been conducted regarding contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in landfill leachate that has undergone treatment or storage processes,” says Dana Kolpin, research hydrologist at USGS.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">In this national-scale study, scientists provided an assessment of CECs in final leachate disposed offsite at landfills across the U.S. to gain
a greater understanding of this potential contaminant source to the environment or to pathways that ultimately lead to the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">“The importance of moving our landfill research from examining fresh leachate to final leachate is that final leachate provides a much better understanding
of chemical concentrations being disposed offsite to input pathways that lead to the environment,” says Kolpin. “Such input pathways include discharge to streams, seepage into groundwater, diversion to wastewater treatment plants, and even onsite spraying
or irrigation.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The chemicals detected included a wide range of compounds including pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, household chemicals, steroid hormones,
and plant or animal sterols.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">“Study results documented that final leachate samples contained 101 of the 190 chemicals analyzed for the study, with at least one chemical present
in every final leachate sample collected at levels ranging from as low as 2 nanograms per liter to as high as 17,200,000 nanograms per liter,” says Kolpin.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">The most frequently detected CECs were lidocaine (local anesthetic, found in 91 percent of samples), cotinine (nicotine breakdown product, 86 percent),
carisoprodol (muscle relaxant, 82 percent), bisphenol A (component for plastics and thermal paper, 77 percent), and carbamazepine (anticonvulsant, 77 percent), according to the study.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">A total of 22 final leachate samples were analyzed for this study and were comprised of a mix of 16 public and six private landfills to properly
capture the range operating conditions that exist for the landfills present within the U.S. The landfills were selected to provide a range of hydrogeologic setting, climate, size, and leachate treatment and disposal practices. The landfills sampled originated
from 12 states across the U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">“Our experience has shown that many landfill operators are reluctant to participate in this type of research if the specific landfill name and
locations are provided,” says Kolpin. “As such locational information has no bearing on the interpretations of study results; we made the decision to keep all landfill locations anonymous for this study to maximize the sampling options during the site selection
process.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">This study was not designed to determine the overall effectiveness of the various types of storage and treatment practices that are implemented
at landfills across the U.S.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">“However, a comparison of paired final leachate samples from 10 landfills from this study to fresh leachate from the same 10 landfills from in
a previously published study indicated that levels of CECs were significantly less in final leachate compared to those observed in fresh leachate samples. Nevertheless, final leachate still contained a complex mixture of CECs at concentrations that may be
potential cause for concern if released to the environment,” says Kolpin.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">This research is part of continuing USGS efforts to quantify the contribution of contaminants in leachate released from landfills to various pathways
that ultimately lead to the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">“Use of landfills as a means of waste disposal will likely increase as the global population continues to increase. Despite advancements in recycling,
source reduction, and composting, the amount of municipal solid waste discarded in U.S. landfills increased from 150 million tons in 1985 to 165 million tons in 2010. The study is intended to inform landfill managers, stakeholders, and regulators about chemicals
present in landfill leachate disposed offsite to various pathways,” says Kolpin.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Laurie Tenace<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Environmental Specialist<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Waste Reduction Section<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Florida Department of Environmental Protection<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2600 Blair Stone Road, MS4555<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tallahassee, FL 32399<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="mailto:Laurie.Tenace@dep.state.fl.us">Laurie.Tenace@dep.state.fl.us</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">850.245.8759<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>