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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><h1 style='mso-margin-top-alt:4.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:4.5pt;margin-left:0in;mso-line-height-alt:13.5pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:15.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Uptake of human pharmaceuticals in bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) inhabiting a wastewater-impacted river.<o:p></o:p></span></h1><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Gelsleichter%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23602972"><span style='color:#660066'>Gelsleichter J</span></a></span><sup><span style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>1</span></sup><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Szabo%20NJ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23602972"><span style='color:#660066'>Szabo NJ</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:17.4pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23602972" title="The Science of the total environment." id=ui-ncbitoggler-2><span style='color:#660066'>Sci Total Environ.</span></a><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>2013 Jul 1;456-457:196-201. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.078. Epub 2013 Apr 17.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h3 style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#985735'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></h3><p style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:18.45pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>The presence of human pharmaceuticals in sewage-impacted ecosystems is a growing concern that poses health risks to aquatic wildlife. Despite this, few studies have investigated the uptake of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in aquatic organisms. In this study, the uptake of 9 APIs from human drugs was examined and compared in neonate bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) residing in pristine (Myakka River) and wastewater-impacted (Caloosahatchee River) tributaries of Florida's Charlotte Harbor estuary. The synthetic estrogen used in human contraceptives (17á-ethynylestradiol) and 6 of the selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine) used in human antidepressants were observed at detectable and, in some cases, quantifiable levels in plasma of Caloosahatchee River sharks. Comparatively, only venlafaxine was detected in the plasma of a single Myakka River shark at a level below the limit of quantitation. These results suggest that sharks residing in wastewater-impacted habitats accumulate APIs, a factor that may pose special risks to C. leucas since it is one of few shark species to regularly occupy freshwater systems. Further research is needed to determine if the low levels of API uptake observed in Caloosahatchee River bull sharks pose health risks to these animals.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Very truly yours,<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Brush Script MT"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>Catherine Zimmer, MS, BSMT<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Executive director, <u>HEARRT Midwest</u><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Principal, <u>Zimmer Environmental Improvement<o:p></o:p></u></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Pristina'>Improving processes, minimizing and managaing waste and, reducing costs. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>T: 651.645.7509<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="mailto:zenllc@usfamily.net">zenllc@usfamily.net</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>