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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><a href="https://phys.org/news/2017-08-antidepressants-fish-brains-great-lakes.html">https://phys.org/news/2017-08-antidepressants-fish-brains-great-lakes.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Antidepressants found in fish brains in Great Lakes region<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#5A5A5A">August 31, 2017 by Charlotte Hsu
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Human antidepressants are building up in the brains of bass, walleye and several other fish common to the Great Lakes region, scientists say.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">In a new study, researchers detected high concentrations of these drugs and their metabolized remnants in the
<a href="https://phys.org/tags/brain/"><span style="color:#313D57;text-decoration:none">brain</span></a> tissue of 10
<a href="https://phys.org/tags/fish/"><span style="color:#313D57;text-decoration:none">fish</span></a> species found in the Niagara River.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">This vital conduit connects two of the Great Lakes, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, via Niagara Falls. The discovery of antidepressants in aquatic life
in the river raises serious environmental concerns, says lead scientist Diana Aga, PhD, the Henry M. Woodburn Professor of Chemistry in the University at Buffalo College of Arts and Sciences.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">"These active ingredients from antidepressants, which are coming out from
<a href="https://phys.org/tags/wastewater+treatment/"><span style="color:#313D57;text-decoration:none">wastewater treatment</span></a> plants, are accumulating in fish brains," Aga says. "It is a threat to biodiversity, and we should be very concerned.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">"These drugs could affect fish behavior. We didn't look at behavior in our study, but other research teams have shown that antidepressants can affect
the feeding behavior of fish or their survival instincts. Some fish won't acknowledge the presence of predators as much."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">If changes like these occur in the wild, they have the potential to disrupt the delicate balance between species that helps to keep the ecosystem
stable, says study co-author Randolph Singh, PhD, a recent UB graduate from Aga's lab.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">"The levels of antidepressants found do not pose a danger to humans who eat the fish, especially in the U.S., where most people do not eat organs
like the brain," Singh says. "However, the risk that the drugs pose to biodiversity is real, and scientists are just beginning to understand what the consequences might be."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">The research team included other scientists from UB, Ramkhamhaeng University and Khon Kaen University, both in Thailand, and SUNY Buffalo State. The
study was published on Aug. 16 in the journal <i>Environmental Science and Technology</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A dangerous cocktail of antidepressants in the water</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Aga has spent her career developing techniques for detecting contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, antibiotics and endocrine disrupters in the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">This is a field of growing concern, especially as the use of such chemicals expands. The percentage of Americans taking antidepressants, for instance,
<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db283.pdf"><span style="color:#313D57;text-decoration:none">rose 65 percent</span></a> between 1999-2002 and 2011-14, according to the National Center for Health Statistics.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Wastewater treatment facilities have failed to keep pace with this growth, typically ignoring these drugs, which are then released into the environment,
Aga says.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Her new study looked for a variety of pharmaceutical and personal care product chemicals in the organs and muscles of 10 fish species: smallmouth
<a href="https://phys.org/tags/bass/"><span style="color:#313D57;text-decoration:none">bass</span></a>, largemouth bass, rudd, rock bass, white bass, white perch, walleye, bowfin, steelhead and yellow perch.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Antidepressants stood out as a major problem: These drugs or their metabolites were found in the brains of every
<a href="https://phys.org/tags/fish+species/"><span style="color:#313D57;text-decoration:none">fish species</span></a> the scientists studied.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">The highest concentration of a single compound was found in a rock bass, which had about 400 nanograms of norsertraline—a metabolite of sertraline,
the <a href="https://phys.org/tags/active+ingredient/"><span style="color:#313D57;text-decoration:none">active ingredient</span></a> in Zoloft—per gram of brain tissue. This was in addition to a cocktail of other compounds found in the same fish, including
citalopram, the active ingredient in Celexa, and norfluoxetine, a metabolite of the active ingredient in Prozac and Sarafem.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">More than half of the fish brain samples had norsertraline levels of 100 nanograms per gram or higher. In addition, like the rock bass, many of the
fish had a medley of antidepressant drugs and metabolites in their brains.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Evidence that antidepressants can change fish behavior generally comes from laboratory studies that expose the animals to higher concentrations of
drugs than what is found in the Niagara River. But the findings of the new study are still worrisome: The antidepressants that Aga's team detected in fish brains had accumulated over time, often reaching concentrations that were several times higher than the
levels in the river.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p>In the brains of smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, rock bass, white bass and walleye, sertraline was found at levels that were estimated to be 20 or more times higher than levels in river water. Levels of norsertraline, the
<a href="https://phys.org/tags/drug/"><span style="color:#313D57;text-decoration:none">drug</span></a>'s breakdown product, were even greater, reaching concentrations that were often hundreds of times higher than that found in the river.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Scientists have not done enough research yet to understand what amount of
<a href="https://phys.org/tags/antidepressants/"><span style="color:#313D57;text-decoration:none">antidepressants</span></a> poses a risk to animals, or how multiple drugs might interact synergistically to influence behavior, Aga says.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Wastewater treatment is behind the times</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">The study raises concerns regarding
<a href="https://phys.org/tags/wastewater+treatment+plants/"><span style="color:#313D57;text-decoration:none">wastewater treatment plants</span></a>, whose operations have not kept up with the times, says Aga, a member of the UB RENEW (Research and Education
in eNergy, Environment and Water) Institute.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">In general, wastewater treatment focuses narrowly on killing disease-causing bacteria and on extracting solid matter such as human excrement. Antidepressants,
which are found in the urine of people who use the drugs, are largely ignored, along with other chemicals of concern that have become commonplace, Aga says.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">"These plants are focused on removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and dissolved organic carbon but there are so many other chemicals that are not prioritized
that impact our environment," she says. "As a result, wildlife is exposed to all of these chemicals. Fish are receiving this cocktail of drugs 24 hours a day, and we are now finding these drugs in their brains."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">The problem is exacerbated, Singh says, by sewage overflows that funnel large quantities of untreated water into rivers and lakes. In August, for
example, The Buffalo News reported that since May of 2017, a half billion gallons of combined sewage and storm water had flowed into local waterways, including the Niagara River.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><a href="https://phys.org/news/2017-08-antidepressants-fish-brains-great-lakes.html"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#313D57;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="14" height="16" style="width:.1458in;height:.1666in" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image003.png@01D32649.741FDE30" alt="https://cf3e497594.site.internapcdn.net/tmpl/v5/img/1x1.gif"></span></a><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Explore
further:</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> <a href="https://phys.org/news/2016-10-climate-species-invasions-popular-native.html">
<span style="color:#313D57;text-decoration:none">Climate change, species invasions harming popular native fish in Ontario lakes</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">More information:</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> Prapha Arnnok et al. Selective Uptake and Bioaccumulation of Antidepressants in Fish
from Effluent-Impacted Niagara River, <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i> (2017).
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02912" target="_blank"><span style="color:#313D57;text-decoration:none">DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02912</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><br>
<br>
Read more at: <a href="https://phys.org/news/2017-08-antidepressants-fish-brains-great-lakes.html#jCp">
<span style="color:#313D57;text-decoration:none">https://phys.org/news/2017-08-antidepressants-fish-brains-great-lakes.html#jCp</span></a></span><span style="font-size:7.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:#000099">Deborah L. DeBiasi<br>
<b>Email: <a href="mailto:Deborah.DeBiasi@deq.virginia.gov"><span style="color:#000099">Deborah.DeBiasi@deq.virginia.gov</span></a><i><br>
</i></b>WEB site address: <a href="http://www.deq.virginia.gov/"><span style="color:#000099">www.deq.virginia.gov</span></a><br>
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality<br>
Office of Water Permits <br>
Industrial Pretreatment/Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Program<br>
PPCPs, EDCs, and Microconstituents<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:#000099"><a href="http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/Water/PermittingCompliance/PollutionDischargeElimination/Microconstituents.aspx"><span style="color:#000099">http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/Water/PermittingCompliance/PollutionDischargeElimination/Microconstituents.aspx</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:#000099">Mail: P.O. Box 1105, Richmond, VA 23218<br>
Location: 629 E. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23219<br>
PH: 804-698-4028 FAX: 804-698-4032</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:navy"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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